Can you post a picture of the damaged hose? Seeing what the failure looks like may help us guess whether the engine could have survived the 10 minutes of driving after the leak began without long term damage.
You could also take the thermostat out and see how much coolant drains from the block when you do that. That would help tell you whether the engine still had some coolant to circulate, or a little, or ran completely dry.
Ultimately, as was stated above, only way to really know what the outcome was is to get coolant back into it once the hose is fixed and see how things go from there. You can do the "bubble test" to check head gasket condition once it's running with coolant in it again. We will cross our fingers for you!
A functional temperature gauge -- and an operator who is accustomed to carefully and frequently watching it -- is essential on any engine and all the more so on a D24. You can get away with a lot more neglect under the hood (old hoses, clogged radiators, etc) IF you have the ability to keep eyes on what is going on. Old equipment and no monitoring ability is definitely a recipe for trouble. At least now you know and hopefully if your engine turns out OK, no doubt fixing the temp gauge will be first on your list before using the car again. Some of us have even explored adding warning systems to alert the operator of coolant loss, such as many modern vehicles provide.