What you are showing are pics of the pressure relief valve. This valve opens to limit oil pressure and the strength of the spring detemines how high the pressure goes.
If it was stuck in the open position, it would vent the oil to the pan without it circulating though I have a hard time believing that could happen. You could polish the spool with crocus cloth to prevent it from sticking and make sure it is free to move in its bore.
Pack the pump with grease before you reassemble as this will enable the pump to prime itself quicker.
You can temporarily remove the oil pressure switch while cranking to see if oil is circulating.
Steve
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